Rearming after Jim Crow: We find that lynchings decrease with greater Black firearm access; also, there was a frequent misclassification of homicides as accidents, which diminish after Blacks rearm

Firearms and Violence Under Jim Crow. Michael D. Makowsky, Patrick L. Warren. November 9, 2020. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5329e895e4b09fd4786211a3/t/5fa9630d4e5ce030c7d36d79/1604936463367/Guns_under_Jim_Crow_Nov2020_circ.pdf

Abstract: We assess firearm access in the U.S. South by measuring the fraction of suicides committed with firearms. Black residents of the Jim Crow South were disarmed, before re-arming themselves during the Civil-Rights Era. We find that lynchings decrease with greater Black firearm access. During the Civil-Rights Movement, both the relative Black homicide and Black “accidental death by firearm” rates decrease with Black firearm access, indicating frequent misclassification of homicides as accidents. In the contemporary era, greater firearm access correlates with higher Black death rates. We find that firearms offered an effective means of Black self-defense in the Jim Crow South.