Anxiety sensitivity, female sex, and smoking are risk factors for physical inactivity; high levels of anxiety sensitivity were related to more time spent walking for females but not males

Understanding sex differences in physical activity behavior: The role of anxiety sensitivity. Gloria J. Gomez et al. Mental Health and Physical Activity, March 29 2021, 100392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2021.100392

Highlights

• Anxiety sensitivity, female sex, and smoking are risk factors for physical inactivity.

• Higher anxiety sensitivity levels were related to lower total physical activity levels in males.

• Females' total physical activity levels were not dependent on anxiety sensitivity levels.

•High levels of anxiety sensitivity were related to more time spent walking for females but not males.

Abstract

Problem: There is a well-evidenced sex-disparity in physical activity (PA), such that females are significantly less active than males. Anxiety sensitivity, the fear of anxiety-related bodily sensations, is a cognitive-affective vulnerability associated with increased negative affect during PA and lower levels of PA. The current study examined anxiety sensitivity as a potential sex-specific, psychological factor related to sex differences in past-week PA behavior in daily cigarette smokers.

Method: Participants (n=527; 53.3% female) completed an anonymous online survey on emotion and health. Anxiety sensitivity was assessed with the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3. Past-week, self-reported PA minutes were measured across four intensities (e.g. walking, moderate, vigorous, and total PA) using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short. Four zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were constructed to test the main and interactive effects of sex and anxiety sensitivity on PA outcomes.

Results: Females reported significantly fewer past-week PA minutes relative to males across all domains. At higher levels of anxiety sensitivity, males reported significantly fewer total PA minutes; whereas, total PA levels in females were not dependent on anxiety sensitivity level. Additionally, females with elevated anxiety sensitivity reported significantly more past-week walking minutes relative to females with low anxiety sensitivity, whereas the opposite pattern was observed in males.

Conclusion: This is the first study to our knowledge to examine sex-differences in anxiety sensitivity and PA, at varying PA intensities, among smokers. These data have the potential to inform sex-specific models of anxiety, PA, and smoking.

Keywords: ExercisePhysical activityAnxiety sensitivitysex differencesSmokers