Big is bad, more rapacious, more unethical: Stereotypes About Organizational Size, Profit-Seeking, and Corporate Ethicality

Big Is Bad: Stereotypes About Organizational Size, Profit-Seeking, and Corporate Ethicality. Andrea Freund, Francis Flynn, Kieran O’Connor. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, February 16, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672231151791

Abstract: Individuals tend to hold a dim view of for-profit corporations, believing that profit-seeking comes at the expense of ethicality. In the present research, we show that this belief is not universal; rather, people associate ethicality with an organization’s size. Across nine experiments (N = 4,796), people stereotyped large companies as less ethical than small companies. This size-ethicality stereotype emerged spontaneously (Study 1), implicitly (Study 2), and across industries (Study 3). Moreover, we find this stereotype can be partly explained by perceptions of profit-seeking behavior (Supplementary Studies A and B), and that people construe profit-seeking and its relationship to ethicality differently when considering large and small companies (Study 4). People attribute greater profit-maximizing motives (relative to profit-satisficing motives) to large companies, and these attributions shape their subsequent judgments of ethicality (Study 5; Supplementary Studies C and D).

In Europe: We find evidence of the preference for having a girl, reflected in an increased probability of not having a second child if the first child is female

The sex preference for children in Europe: Children’s sex and the probability and timing of births. Ewa Cukrowska-Torzewska, Magdalena Grabowska. Demographic Research, Feb 16 2023. DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2023.48.8

Abstract

Background: The preference for having children of a particular sex may be reflected in fertility behavior. For example, parents who want to have a son may be more likely to have another child if their firstborn child is female or if they have two female children. They may also speed up the conception, resulting in a faster progression to the next child.

Objective: We examine whether there is a sex preference for children in Europe, which is reflected in an increased/decreased probability of having another child and a shorter/longer time to the next birth given the sex of existing children. We distinguish between progression to the second and the third child and different cohorts.

Methods: We model the impact of children’s sex on fertility using event history analysis. We apply mixture cure models, which allow us to distinguish between the probability of experiencing the event of interest and its timing.

Results: We find evidence of the preference for having a girl, reflected in an increased probability of not having a second child if the first child is female. We also find that women who have two children of the same sex are more likely to give birth to a third child.

Contribution: We contribute to research on the sex preference for children by (1) providing a comprehensive analysis of a number of European countries using consistent data and methodology, (2) examining the progression to the second and the third child, (3) distinguishing between different cohorts of women, and (4) applying mixture cure models.

Keywords: Europe, family structure, fertility, gender, progression rate, sex, sex composition, son preference