Sharing of science is most likely among male scientists

Sharing of science is most likely among male scientists. Jorg J. M. Massen, Lisa Bauer, Benjamin Spurny, Thomas Bugnyar & Mariska E. Kret. Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 12927 (2017), doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13491-0

Abstract: Humans are considered to be highly prosocial, especially in comparison to other species. However, most tests of prosociality are conducted in highly artificial settings among anonymous participants. To gain a better understanding of how human hyper-cooperation may have evolved, we tested humans’ willingness to share in one of the most competitive fields of our current society: academia. Researchers were generally prosocial with 80% sharing a PDF of one of their latest papers, and almost 60% willing to send us their data. Intriguingly, prosociality was most prominent from male to male, and less likely among all other sex-combinations. This pattern suggests the presence of male-exclusive networks in science, and may be based on an evolutionary history promoting strong male bonds.

Bromance: More emotional stability, emotional disclosure, social fulfilment, & better conflict resolution, compared to emotional lives shared with girlfriends

Privileging the Bromance: A Critical Appraisal of Romantic and Bromantic Relationships. Stefan Robinson, Adam White, Eric Anderson. Men and Masculinities, https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17730386

Abstract: In this research, utilizing data from thirty semistructured interviews, we examine how heterosexual undergraduate men compare their experiences of bromances to that of their romantic relationships (romances). We find that the increasingly intimate, emotive, and trusting nature of bromances offers young men a new social space for emotional disclosure, outside of traditional heterosexual relationships. Participants state that the lack of boundaries and judgment in a bromance is expressed as emotionally rivalling the benefits of a heterosexual romance. Our participants mostly determined that a bromance offered them elevated emotional stability, enhanced emotional disclosure, social fulfilment, and better conflict resolution, compared to the emotional lives they shared with girlfriends. Thus, this research provides an empirically grounded conceptual framework for understanding men’s view of close homosocial relationships in comparison to their romantic relationship in the twenty-first century.

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Simplified: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-10-young-men-bromances-romances.html

Sex differences in empathy for pain: It seems there is no or very small role for autonomic regulation

Sex differences in empathy for pain: What is the role of autonomic regulation? Lincoln Tracy and Melita Giummarra. Psychophysiology, Volume 54, Issue 10, October 2017, Pages 1549–1558. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12895

Abstract: Empathy involves both affective and cognitive components whereby we understand, and express concerns for, the experiences of others. Women typically have superior trait empathy compared with men, which seems to have a neurological basis with sex differences in the structure and function of neural networks involved in empathy. This study investigated sex differences in empathy for pain using the Empathy for Pain Scale, and examined whether these trait differences were associated with disruptions in autonomic regulation, specifically via the parasympathetic nervous system (measured through the square root of the mean squared differences of successive R-R intervals; RMSSD) both at rest and during a socioevaluative stress task (i.e., the serial sevens task). Compared with men, women reported higher empathic concern (Cohen's r = .25) and affective distress (Cohen's d = 0.65) toward another in pain. In both men and women, there was a decrease in lnRMSSD in the stress task compared to rest. Sex moderated the relationship between resting lnRMSSD and self-reported empathic concern. Specifically, there was no clear association between empathic concern and lnRMSSD in men whereas in women there was a negative relationship, with lower resting lnRMSSD associated with higher empathic concern, and higher lnRMSSD associated with lower levels of empathic concern that were similar to men. These findings suggest that empathic feelings may result from poorer psychophysiological regulation, and concur with previous research displaying sex-specific relationships between resting heart rate variability and emotion regulation abilities.

Some support for a sex, drugs, rock&roll connection, particularly among male performers & female listeners

Sex Drugs and Rock and Roll: Evidence Supporting the Storied Trilogy. Marissa A. Harrison & Susan M. Hughes. Human Ethology Bulletin, Volume 32, No 3, 63-84. https://doi.org/10.22330/heb/323/063-084

ABSTRACT: Sex, drugs, and rock and roll (SDRR) is a storied trilogy in popular culture. However, in scientific literature, there is little empirical evidence to determine if there is a positive relationship between these three phenomena, despite biological, psychological, and social reasons that would suggest they are connected. Via questionnaire, we asked participants to self-report alcohol and drug use, sexual behaviors and attitudes, and musical ability and preference. Although evidence was limited, there was some support for an SDRR connection, particularly among male performers and female listeners of rock and “harder” music. Interestingly, this mimics patterns of several bird species where males are the producers and females are the consumers of song. Ethological considerations and future directions are discussed.

Keywords: Rockmusic, birdsong, sex and drugs, substance use.

On Disease and Deontology -- Influence of Disease Threat on Moral Vigilance

On Disease and Deontology: Multiple Tests of the Influence of Disease Threat on Moral Vigilance. Damian Murray, Nicholas Kerry & Will Gervais. Social Psychological and Personality Science, https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617733518

Abstract: Threat has been linked to certain facets of moral cognition, but the specific implications of disease threat for moral judgment remain poorly understood. Across three studies, we investigated the role of perceived disease threat in shaping moral judgment and hypothesized that perceived disease threat would cause people to be more sensitive to moral violations (or more “morally vigilant”). All three studies found a positive relationship between dispositional worry about disease transmission and moral vigilance. Additional analyses suggested that this worry was more strongly related to vigilance toward binding moral foundations. Study 3 demonstrated that moral vigilance was higher in individuals for whom the threat of disease was experimentally made salient, relative to individuals in both a neutral and a nondisease threat condition. Taken together, these results suggest that perceived disease threat may influence people’s moral vigilance across moral domains.

My comment: The Conservatives are a bore, but are not stupid. They are more empirical than Progressives, and many of their obsessions (security/defense, religion/morality, and maybe patriotism) have perfectly normal motivations, not only instincts/genetic programming. Progressives should try to understand better Conservatives (and viceversa, obviously :-) ).

Prejudice Reduction: What Works? A Review and Assessment of Research and Practice

Prejudice Reduction: What Works? A Review and Assessment of Research and Practice. Elizabeth Levy Paluck and Donald P. Green. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2009. 60:339–67. 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607
https://www.cscc.edu/about/faculty/pd/files/Paluck%20-%20Prejudice%20Reduction.pdf

Abstract: This article reviews the observational, laboratory, and field experimental literatures on interventions for reducing prejudice. Our review places special emphasis on assessing the methodological rigor of existing research, calling attention to problems of design and measurement that threaten both internal and external validity. Of the hundreds of studies we examine, a small fraction speak convincingly to the questions of whether, why, and under what conditions a given type of intervention works. We conclude that the causal effects of many widespread prejudice-reduction interventions, such as workplace diversity training and media campaigns, remain unknown. Although some intergroup contact and cooperation interventions appear promising, a much more rigorous and broad-ranging empirical assessment of prejudice-reduction strategies is needed to determine what works.

Key Words: field experiments, evaluation, stereotype reduction, cooperative learning, contact hypothesis, peace education, media and reading interventions, diversity training, cultural competence, multicultural education, antibias education, sensitivity training, cognitive training

Rolling out the most comprehensive social control -- China to create national name-and-shame system for ‘deadbeat borrowers’

China to create national name-and-shame system for ‘deadbeat borrowers’

By He Huifeng
South China Morning Post. Tuesday, October 10, 2017
Anyone who fails to repay a bank loan will be blacklisted and have their personal details made public

http://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2114768/china-create-national-name-and-shame-system-deadbeat-borrowers
 
Those who fail to repay a bank loan will be blacklisted, and they will have their name, ID number, photograph, home address and the amount they owe published or announced through various channels – including in newspapers, online, on radio and television, and on screens in buses and public lifts.

[...]In the southern city of Guangzhou, the personal details of some 141 debt defaulters have so far been displayed on screens in buses, commercial buildings and on media platforms at the request of local courts.

Meanwhile in Jiangsu, Henan and Sichuan provinces, the courts have teamed up with telecoms operators to create a recorded message – played every time someone calls – for those who fail to repay their loans. The message tells the caller: “The person you are calling has been put on a blacklist by the courts for failing to repay their debts. Please urge this person to honour their legal obligations.”   

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Check this: China’s New Tool for Social Control: A Credit Rating for Everything. By Josh Chin and Gillian Wong
http://www.bipartisanalliance.com/2017/08/chinas-tool-for-social-control-credit.html

Beijing wants to give every citizen a score based on behavior such as spending habits, turnstile violations and filial piety, which can blacklist citizens from loans, jobs, air travel
WSJ, Nov. 28, 2016

Having more Neanderthal genes favor having social fear, autistic tendencies, and depressive tendencies

Using Personal Genome Technology and Psychometrics to Study the Personality of the Neanderthals. Glenn Geher, Richard Holler, David Chapleau, Jessica Fell, Bernadine Gangemi, Morgan Gleason, Vania Rolon, Andrew Shimkus & Briana Tauber. Human Ethology Bulletin, Volume 32, No 3, 34-46, DOI:  https://doi.org/10.22330/heb/323/034-046

ABSTRACT: The Neanderthals’ extinction has been, according to modern biological anthropologists, greatly exaggerated. Research from multiple sources has consistently provided strong evidence of hybridization between ancestral Neanderthals and Ancestrally Modern Humans (AMHs). Personal genome technology, such as that used by the personal-genomic company, 23andMe, provides individuals with information regarding their particular genetic overlap with Neanderthal DNA. Given the fact that most personality traits show some heritable component, this research sought to examine if one’s degree of Neanderthal genetic overlap (or Neanderthal Quotient; NQ) is significantly related to a variety of personality traits – traits that, based on anthropological research – may have characterized our ancient Neanderthal cousins. Using an online survey administered to more than 200 adults from around the world who had had their personal genomes mapped, we found that NQ was positively related to such variables as social fear, anxiety, and promiscuity, while being negatively related to scores on a performance-based measure of imaginativeness. Most of these relationships remained significant in regression models that added age and gender into the equations, suggesting that these findings are likely relatively reliable. Findings suggest that high levels of NQ tend to correspond to social fear, autistic tendencies, and depressive tendencies – a constellation of results that is consistent with the conception of Neanderthals as being ill-suited for large-scale social living.

Keywords: Neanderthal, personality, personal genome, social anxiety, fear, sociosexuality.

Song practice as a rewarding form of play in songbirds, correlating with opioid and endocannabinoid markers in the brain

Song practice as a rewarding form of play in songbirds. Lauren V. Riters et al. Behavioural Processes, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2017.10.002

Highlights
•    To use song effectively in reproductive contexts, songbirds must practice singing.
•    Song practice is associated with positive affect and activity in reward systems.
•    Song practice correlates with opioid and endocannabinoid markers in the brain.
•    Multiple aspects of play behavior parallel what is observed for song practice.
•    Song practice may be considered a rewarding form of play behavior.

Abstract: In adult songbirds, the primary functions of song are mate attraction and territory defense; yet, many songbirds sing at high rates as juveniles and outside these primary contexts as adults. Singing outside primary contexts is critical for song learning and maintenance, and ultimately necessary for breeding success. However, this type of singing (i.e., song “practice”) occurs even in the absence of immediate or obvious extrinsic reinforcement; that is, it does not attract mates or repel competitors. Here we review studies that support the hypothesis that song practice is stimulated and maintained by intrinsic reward mechanisms (i.e., that it is associated with a positive affective state). Additionally, we propose that song practice can be considered a rewarding form of play behavior similar to forms of play observed in multiple young animals as they practice sequences of motor events that are used later in primary adult reproductive contexts. This review highlights research suggesting at least partially overlapping roles for neural reward systems in birdsong and mammalian play and evidence that steroid hormones modify these systems to shift animals from periods of intrinsically rewarded motor exploration (i.e., singing in birds and play in mammals) to the use of similar motor patterns in primary reproductive contexts.

Keywords: Communication; Endocannabinoids; Learning; Opioids; Reward

The psychology of neurofeedback: Clinical intervention even if applied placebo

Thibault, R. T., & Raz, A. (2017). The psychology of neurofeedback: Clinical intervention even if applied placebo. American Psychologist, 72(7), 679-688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000118

Abstract: Advocates of neurofeedback make bold claims concerning brain regulation, treatment of disorders, and mental health. Decades of research and thousands of peer-reviewed publications support neurofeedback using electroencephalography (EEG-nf); yet, few experiments isolate the act of receiving feedback from a specific brain signal as a necessary precursor to obtain the purported benefits. Moreover, while psychosocial parameters including participant motivation and expectation, rather than neurobiological substrates, seem to fuel clinical improvement across a wide range of disorders, for-profit clinics continue to sprout across North America and Europe. Here, we highlight the tenuous evidence supporting EEG-nf and sketch out the weaknesses of this approach. We challenge classic arguments often articulated by proponents of EEG-nf and underscore how psychologists and mental health professionals stand to benefit from studying the ubiquitous placebo influences that likely drive these treatment outcomes.

Individual ant workers show self-control

Individual ant workers show self-control. Stephanie Wendt, Tomer J. Czaczkes. Royal Society Biology Letters, October 2017, Volume 13, issue 10. http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/13/10/20170450

Abstract: Often, the first option is not the best. Self-control can allow humans and animals to improve resource intake under such conditions. Self-control in animals is often investigated using intertemporal choice tasks—choosing a smaller reward immediately or a larger reward after a delay. However, intertemporal choice tasks may underestimate self-control, as test subjects may not fully understand the task. Vertebrates show much greater apparent self-control in more natural foraging contexts and spatial discounting tasks than in intertemporal choice tasks. However, little is still known about self-control in invertebrates. Here, we investigate self-control in the black garden ant Lasius niger. We confront individual workers with a spatial discounting task, offering a high-quality reward far from the nest and a poor-quality reward closer to the nest. Most ants (69%) successfully ignored the closer, poorer reward in favour of the further, better one. However, when both the far and the close rewards were of the same quality, most ants (83%) chose the closer feeder, indicating that the ants were indeed exercising self-control, as opposed to a fixation on an already known food source.

Are Youth Psychopathic Traits Related to Bullying? Meta-analyses on Callous-Unemotional Traits, Narcissism, and Impulsivity

Are Youth Psychopathic Traits Related to Bullying? Meta-analyses on Callous-Unemotional Traits, Narcissism, and Impulsivity. Mitch van Geel et al. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, October 2017, Volume 48, Issue 5, pp 768–777.

Abstract: In the current manuscript meta-analyses are performed to analyze the relations between three aspects of psychopathy in youth, Callous-Unemotional (CU) traits, Narcissism, and Impulsivity, and bullying behaviors. The databases PsycINFO, MEDLINE, ERIC, Web of Science and Proquest were searched for relevant articles on bullying and CU traits, Narcissism, or Impulsivity in youth under 20 years of age. Two authors each independently screened 842 studies that were found in the literature search. Two authors independently coded ten studies on bullying and CU (N = 4115) traits, six studies on bullying and Narcissism (N = 3376) and 14 studies on bullying and Impulsivity (N = 33,574) that met the inclusion criteria. Significant correlations were found between bullying and CU traits, Narcissism, and Impulsivity. These results were not affected by publication bias. Anti-bullying interventions could potentially benefit from including elements that have been found effective in the treatment of youth psychopathy.

Female mice remember and are more interested in males that appear attractive to other females

Social Cognition and the Neurobiology of Rodent Mate Choice. Martin Kavaliers Elena Choleris Author Notes. Integrative and Comparative Biology, Volume 57, Issue 4, October 1 2017, Pages 846–856, https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icx042

Synopsis: Various aspects of sociality, including mate choice, are dependent on social information. Mate choice is a social cognitive process that encompasses mechanisms for acquiring, processing, retaining and acting on social information. Social cognition includes the acquisition of social information about others (i.e., social recognition) and social information from others (i.e., social learning). Social cognition involves both assessing other individuals and their condition (e.g., health, infection status) and deciding about when and how to interact with them, thus, providing a frame-work for examining mate choice and its associated neurobiological mechanisms. In vertebrates, and in particular rodents, odors are an essential source of direct and indirect social information not only from others but also for others. Here, we briefly consider the relations between social cognition and olfactory-mediated mate choice in rodents. We briefly discuss aspects of: (1) social recognition of potential mates and the impact of infection threat on mate choice; (2) social learning and the utilization of the mate choices of others (“mate-choice copying”) including in the context of infection; and (3) the neurobiological mechanisms, with particular focus on particular the roles of the nonapeptide, oxytocin and the steroid hormones, estrogens, associated with social cognition and mate choice.

h/t https://twitter.com/DegenRolf

Developmental Predictors of Violent Extremist Attitudes: A Test of General Strain Theory

Developmental Predictors of Violent Extremist Attitudes: A Test of General Strain Theory. Amy Nivette, Manuel Eisner, Denis Ribeaud. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol 54, Issue 6, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427817699035

Abstract

Objectives: This study examines the influence of collective strain on support for violent extremism among an ethnically diverse sample of Swiss adolescents. This study explores two claims derived from general strain theory: (1) Exposure to collective strain is associated with higher support for violent extremism and (2) the effect of collective strain is conditional on perceptions of moral and legal constraints.

Methods: This study uses data from two waves of the Zurich Project on the Social Development of Children and Youth. We use ordinary least squares procedures to regress violent extremist attitudes at age 17 on strain, moral and legal constraints, and control variables measured at ages 15 to 17. Conditional effects were examined using an interaction term for collective strain and moral neutralization and legal cynicism, respectively.

Results: The results show that collective strain does not have a direct effect on violent extremist attitudes once other variables are controlled. However, the degree to which individuals neutralize moral and legal constraints amplifies the impact of collective strain on violent extremist attitudes.
Conclusions: This study shows that those who already espouse justifications for violence and rule breaking are more vulnerable to extremist violent pathways, particularly when exposed to collective social strife, conflict, and repression.

A male macacus that prefers mature females

A Male Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) Differentially Mated with a Female. Maiko Yoshida Kobayashi. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 30. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/37v283bn

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate male preference and to define the aspects of females that affect male preference. We set experimental conditions that enabled us to measure successful mating by gathering sperm from female vaginal washings and observing sexual behavior. The animal subjects in our study were cynomolgus monkeys, all of whom were bred in our primate institute. During the study, one male would be grouped with two females, each of whom lived in a cage adjacent to the male’s cage. This enabled each of the females to be housed with the male in turn; 12 males and 24 females were included in the study. After a male was housed with a female, we observed through a microscope the existence of sperm in the female’s vaginal washing, thus confirming copulation success. In some of the groups, behavioral observation was conducted on both the male and female subjects. According to our findings, in the multiparous females, successful mating was observed on 29% of cohabitation days. Among nulliparous females, the presence of sperm was observed on only 6% of cohabitation periods. Some 66.7% of nulliparous females never mated with a male. Our observations also revealed that sexual behaviors were more frequently observed when a male lived with a multiparous female. “Male-grooming-of-female” activities were seen more frequently between a male and multiparous female; that is, the male approached a multiparous female for copulation by grooming her. Our study suggests that male cynomolgus monkeys prefer multiparous females, as it is important that a male choose a female who more easily and regularly becomes pregnant and gives birth to offspring with a higher survival rate. Thus, male choice is biologically significant with respect to leaving more offspring.

Keywords: Mating Strategy, Male’s Preference, Cynomolgus Monkeys, Multiparous Female, Behavioral Observation, Sperm, Sexual Behavior

A killer whale watches other cetaceans in TV

A Killer Whale’s (Orcinus orca) Response to Visual Media. Pepper Hanna et al. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 30. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7060b9db

Abstract: Environmental enrichment is critical for maintaining cognitive welfare for animals in human care but is subject to individual preferences.  The interest in a video-based enrichment was assessed for a single killer whale (Orcinus orca) in human care.  The adult female was presented 20 video recordings featuring cetaceans, elephants, or humans with each video presented in two conditions: (1) with sound and (2) without sound.  Four additional presentations in which the television displayed a blank screen served as controls.  All sessions were videotaped and coded for time spent viewing the recordings, behavioral responses, and visual laterality.  The killer whale spent significantly more time at the television when programs were on screen compared to when the television was present but blank.  She was more likely to watch videos accompanied by sound than those presented without sound. Videos were more likely to be viewed monocularly rather than binocularly, with a right eye preference when viewing the videos the first time they were presented.  The highest rates of behavioral responses occurred during videos of cetaceans.  These results demonstrate that one killer whale responded to video recordings of different stimuli, suggesting that video recordings may be used as a form of enrichment for cetaceans and that not all video content and formats are equally interesting.

My commentary: Whales like watching TV, more if there is sound, and more if the images are about cetaceans. We all love to see other members of our species... Remember the mice:

Social inequality aversion in mice: Analysis with stress-induced hyperthermia and behavioral preference. Shigeru Watanabe. Learning and Motivation, Volume 59, August 2017, Pages 38-46, http://www.bipartisanalliance.com/2017/09/social-inequality-aversion-in-mice.html

Check also: Evolutionary Origin of Empathy and Inequality Aversion. Shigeru Watanabe and Yutaka Kosaki. Evolution of the Brain, Cognition, and Emotion in Vertebrates pp 273-299, http://www.bipartisanalliance.com/2017/09/evolutionary-origin-of-empathy-and.html

Voice-only communication enhances empathic accuracy

Kraus, M. W. (2017). Voice-only communication enhances empathic accuracy. American Psychologist, 72(7), 644-654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000147

Abstract: This research tests the prediction that voice-only communication increases empathic accuracy over communication across senses. We theorized that people often intentionally communicate their feelings and internal states through the voice, and as such, voice-only communication allows perceivers to focus their attention on the channel of communication most active and accurate in conveying emotions to others. We used 5 experiments to test this hypothesis (N = 1,772), finding that voice-only communication elicits higher rates of empathic accuracy relative to vision-only and multisense communication both while engaging in interactions and perceiving emotions in recorded interactions of strangers. Experiments 4 and 5 reveal that voice-only communication is particularly likely to enhance empathic accuracy through increasing focused attention on the linguistic and paralinguistic vocal cues that accompany speech. Overall, the studies question the primary role of the face in communication of emotion, and offer new insights for improving emotion recognition accuracy in social interactions.

In a moral dilemma, choose the one you love: Impartial actors are seen as less moral than partial ones

In a moral dilemma, choose the one you love: Impartial actors are seen as less moral than partial ones. Jamie S Hughes. British Journal of Social Psychology, September 2017, Pages 561–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12199

Abstract: Although impartiality and concern for the greater good are lauded by utilitarian philosophies, it was predicted that when values conflict, those who acted impartially rather than partially would be viewed as less moral. Across four studies, using life-or-death scenarios and more mundane ones, support for the idea that relationship obligations are important in moral attribution was found. In Studies 1–3, participants rated an impartial actor as less morally good and his or her action as less moral compared to a partial actor. Experimental and correlational evidence showed the effect was driven by inferences about an actor's capacity for empathy and compassion. In Study 4, the relationship obligation hypothesis was refined. The data suggested that violations of relationship obligations are perceived as moral as long as strong alternative justifications sanction them. Discussion centres on the importance of relationships in understanding moral attributions.

KEYWORDS: deontology; impartiality; moral attribution; moral dilemma; relationships

Reasons Probably Won’t Change Your Mind: The Role of Reasons in Revising Moral Decisions

Stanley, M. L., Dougherty, A. M., Yang, B. W., Henne, P., & De Brigard, F. (2017). Reasons Probably Won’t Change Your Mind: The Role of Reasons in Revising Moral Decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000368

Abstract: Although many philosophers argue that making and revising moral decisions ought to be a matter of deliberating over reasons, the extent to which the consideration of reasons informs people’s moral decisions and prompts them to change their decisions remains unclear. Here, after making an initial decision in 2-option moral dilemmas, participants examined reasons for only the option initially chosen (affirming reasons), reasons for only the option not initially chosen (opposing reasons), or reasons for both options. Although participants were more likely to change their initial decisions when presented with only opposing reasons compared with only affirming reasons, these effect sizes were consistently small. After evaluating reasons, participants were significantly more likely not to change their initial decisions than to change them, regardless of the set of reasons they considered. The initial decision accounted for most of the variance in predicting the final decision, whereas the reasons evaluated accounted for a relatively small proportion of the variance in predicting the final decision. This resistance to changing moral decisions is at least partly attributable to a biased, motivated evaluation of the available reasons: participants rated the reasons supporting their initial decisions more favorably than the reasons opposing their initial decisions, regardless of the reported strategy used to make the initial decision. Overall, our results suggest that the consideration of reasons rarely induces people to change their initial decisions in moral dilemmas.

Do Parents Value School Effectiveness? -- No, they favor schools that enroll high-achiving peers.

Do Parents Value School Effectiveness? Atila Abdulkadiroglu, Parag A. Pathak, Jonathan Schellenberg, Christopher R. Walters. NBER Working Paper No. 23912. http://www.nber.org/papers/w23912

Abstract: School choice may lead to improvements in school productivity if parents' choices reward effective schools and punish ineffective ones. This mechanism requires parents to choose schools based on causal effectiveness rather than peer characteristics. We study relationships among parent preferences, peer quality, and causal effects on outcomes for applicants to New York City's centralized high school assignment mechanism. We use applicants' rank-ordered choice lists to measure preferences and to construct selection-corrected estimates of treatment effects on test scores and high school graduation. We also estimate impacts on college attendance and college quality. Parents prefer schools that enroll high-achieving peers, and these schools generate larger improvements in short- and long-run student outcomes. We find no relationship between preferences and school effectiveness after controlling for peer quality.

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My commentary: Parents seem to choose schools with high-achieving peers due to lack of good information about effectiveness. In some way, they are free-riding on others' work of ascertaining quality/effectiveness.

A newborn infant chimpanzee snatched and cannibalized immediately after birth: Implications for “maternity leave” in wild chimpanzee

Nishie H, Nakamura M. A newborn infant chimpanzee snatched and cannibalized immediately after birth: Implications for “maternity leave” in wild chimpanzee. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2017;00:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23327

OBJECTIVES: This study reports on the first observed case of a wild chimpanzee infant being snatched immediately after delivery and consequently cannibalized by an adult male in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. We demonstrate "maternity leave" from long-term data from the Mahale M group and suggest that it functions as a possible counterstrategy of mother chimpanzees against the risk of infanticide soon after delivery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects of this study were the M group chimpanzees at Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. The case of cannibalism was observed on December 2, 2014. We used the long-term daily attendance record of the M group chimpanzees between 1990 and 2010 to calculate the lengths of "maternity leave," a perinatal period during which a mother chimpanzee tends to hide herself and gives birth alone.

RESULTS: We observed a very rare case of delivery in a wild chimpanzee group. A female chimpanzee gave birth in front of other members, and an adult male snatched and cannibalized the newborn infant immediately after birth. Using the long-term data, we demonstrate that the length of "maternity leave" is longer than that of nonmaternity leave among adult and adolescent female chimpanzees.

DISCUSSION: We argue that this cannibalism event immediately after birth occurred due to the complete lack of "maternity leave" of the mother chimpanzee of the victim, who might lack enough experience of delivery. We suggest that "maternity leave" taken by expecting mothers may function as a possible counterstrategy against infanticide soon after delivery.

Keywords: Mahale; Pan troglodytes; cannibalism; delivery

Men's preferences for women's body odours are not associated with human leucocyte antigen

Men's preferences for women's body odours are not associated with human leucocyte antigen. Fabian Probst et al. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, October 11 2017, Volume 284, issue 1864. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1830

Abstract: Body odours reportedly portray information about an individual's genotype at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC, called human leucocyte antigen, HLA, in humans). While there is strong experimental support for MHC-associated mating behaviour in animals, the situation in humans is more complex. A lot of effort has been spent on testing HLA-associated odour preferences of women. To date, only very few studies have looked at HLA-linked olfactory preferences in men and these studies have revealed inconsistent results. Here, we investigate men's HLA-associated preferences for women's body odours. Importantly, and in contrast to previous studies, these odours were gathered at peak fertility (i.e. just before ovulation) when any HLA-associated odour preferences should be strongest. We scrutinized whether men's preference for women's body odours is influenced by (i) the number of shared HLA alleles between men and women, (ii) HLA heterozygosity, and (iii) the frequency of rare HLA alleles. We found that men could readily differentiate between odours they found attractive and odours they found less attractive, but that these preferences were not associated with HLA. Specifically, men did not prefer odours from women who are HLA dissimilar, HLA heterozygous, or who have rare HLA alleles. Together, these findings suggest that HLA has no effect on men's odour preferences.

Moral Incongruence, Pornography Use, and Perceived Addiction: Alternate Pathways to Problems

Grubbs, Joshua, and Samuel L Perry. 2017. “Moral Incongruence, Pornography Use, and Perceived Addiction: Alternate Pathways to Problems”. PsyArXiv. October 11. psyarxiv.com/6p5k9

Abstract: Internet pornography use (IPU) remains a controversial topic within the empirical study of addiction and the clinical management of addictive behaviors. Whereas many people report feeling dysregulated in their use of pornography, mental health and medical communities are divided as to whether or not compulsive IPU is an addiction or some other category of problematic behavior. The present short review seeks to examine this issue more closely, with a focus on how alternate pathways to problems, such as moral disapproval and moral incongruence (i.e., feeling as if one’s behaviors and values about those behaviors are misaligned) might specifically contribute to self-perceived problems around pornography use. Through a review of recent literature, the present work seeks to consider the evidence that moral incogruence about IPU is a common phenomena and that it is associated with outcomes relevant to the study of addiction. Specifically, moral incongruence regarding IPU is associated with greater distress about IPU, greater psychological distress in general, greater reports of problems related to IPU, and greater reports of perceived addiction to IPU. The implications of this body of evidence for both clinical and research communities are discussed, and future directions for research are considered.

Social Integration via Online Dating

The Strength of Absent Ties: Social Integration via Online Dating. Josue Ortega, Philipp Hergovich.
arXiv.org, https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.10478

Abstract: We used to marry people to which we were somehow connected to: friends of friends, schoolmates, neighbours. Since we were more connected to people similar to us, we were likely to marry someone from our own race.
However, online dating has changed this pattern: people who meet online tend to be complete strangers. Given that one-third of modern marriages start online, we investigate theoretically, using random graphs and matching theory, the effects of those previously absent ties in the diversity of modern societies.
We find that when a society benefits from previously absent ties, social integration occurs rapidly, even if the number of partners met online is small. Our findings are consistent with the sharp increase in interracial marriages in the U.S. in the last two decades.