Disgust: While avoiding contaminated food is a key adaptive problem, we also had to avoid having sex with individuals that could harm our survival, our children’s survival, or generally reproductive success

Sexual Disgust: An Evolutionary Perspective. Courtney L. Crosby and David M. Buss.  Emotion Researcher, 2020. emotionresearcher.com/sexual-disgust-an-evolutionary-perspective/

Introduction: One of the first emotions explored by Charles Darwin, disgust, presumably evolved to solve adaptive problems related to our health. Examples of these problems include avoiding ingesting toxic or pathogenic substances, such as rotting meat or moldy mushrooms. However, a key scientific question is whether disgust evolved to solve adaptive challenges in addition to food consumption. Darwin described disgust as a revulsion to offensive objects, primarily those of taste, but extended to anything that causes extreme dislike or distaste—through vision, smell, or touch (Darwin, 1872). While avoiding contaminated food is a key adaptive problem that our human ancestors faced, they also had to avoid having sex with individuals that could harm their survival, their children’s survival, or more generally their reproductive success. Sexual disgust may have evolved as a somewhat specialized emotion—based on the underlying architecture of disgust—to solve these problems (Tybur, Lieberman, & Griskevicius, 2009).

Big Five traits are associated with the frequency with which we visit different places on a daily basis; & spending time in a particular place predicts momentary personality states & their short-term trait expression over time

Matz, S. C., & Harari, G. M. (2020). Personality–place transactions: Mapping the relationships between Big Five personality traits, states, and daily places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, May 2020. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000297

Abstract: People actively select their environments, and the environments they select can alter their psychological characteristics in the moment and over time. Such dynamic person–environment transactions are likely to play out in the context of daily life via the places people spend time in (e.g., home, work, or public places like cafes and restaurants). This article investigates personality–place transactions at 3 conceptual levels: stable personality traits, momentary personality states, and short-term personality trait expressions. Three 2-week experience sampling studies (2 exploratory and 1 confirmatory with a total N = 2,350 and more than 63,000 momentary assessments) were used to provide the first large-scale evidence showing that people’s stable Big Five traits are associated with the frequency with which they visit different places on a daily basis. For example, extraverted people reported spending less time at home and more time at cafés, bars, and friends’ houses. The findings also show that spending time in a particular place predicts people’s momentary personality states and their short-term trait expression over time. For example, people reported feeling more extraverted in the moment when spending time at bars/parties, cafés/restaurants, or friends’ houses, compared with when at home. People who showed preferences for spending more time in these places also showed higher levels of short-term trait extraversion over the course of 2 weeks. The findings make theoretical contributions to environmental psychology, personality dynamics, as well as the person–environment transactions literature, and highlight practical implications for a world in which the places people visit can be easily captured via GPS sensors.

Advisors want their advice to be used – but not too much: An interpersonal perspective on advice taking

Advisors want their advice to be used – but not too much: An interpersonal perspective on advice taking. Fabian Ache, Christina Rader, Mandy Hütter. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Volume 89, July 2020, 103979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103979

Highlights
• Advisors do not always want advisees to fully adopt their advice
• Advisees weight advice more strongly than advisors want for difficult items
• Both weighting more and less than advisors want causes negative evaluations
• Negative evaluations decrease willingness to give advice again

Abstract: Much advice taking research investigates whether advice weighting accords to normative principles for maximizing decision accuracy. The present research complements this normative perspective with an interpersonal one, arguing that judges should also pay attention to how much their advisors want them to weight advice. In four experiments, we found that advisors do not always want their advice to be adopted fully. Instead, they often give advice about which they are uncertain and therefore want their advice to be averaged with judges' initial opinions or not used at all. Furthermore, advisors' desired advice weighting is often congruent with the judges' actual weighting, but moderators that affect advisor or judge confidence can cause desired and actual weighting to diverge (Experiments 1 and 2). When tasks were difficult, judges put more weight on the advice than advisors desired, because increasing the difficulty of the task led advisors to want their advice weighted less, whereas judges placed more weight on the advice. The reverse was true for easy tasks (Experiment 2). Importantly, both weighting more and less than advisors desired caused advisors to evaluate judges more negatively, which resulted in reduced willingness to give advice again in the future (Experiments 3 and 4), indicating that advisors want their advice used, but not too much.

Keywords: AdviceInterpersonal relationsJudgmentOpinion revisionWisdom of crowds

All investigations of police practice that were preceded by "viral" incidents of deadly force have led to a large and statistically significant increase in homicides and total crime

Policing the Police: The Impact of "Pattern-or-Practice" Investigations on Crime. Tanaya Devi, Roland G. Fryer Jr. NBER Working Paper No. 27324, June 2020. https://www.nber.org/papers/w27324

This paper provides the first empirical examination of the impact of federal and state "Pattern-or-Practice" investigations on crime and policing. For investigations that were not preceded by "viral" incidents of deadly force, investigations, on average, led to a statistically significant reduction in homicides and total crime. In stark contrast, all investigations that were preceded by "viral" incidents of deadly force have led to a large and statistically significant increase in homicides and total crime. We estimate that these investigations caused almost 900 excess homicides and almost 34,000 excess felonies. The leading hypothesis for why these investigations increase homicides and total crime is an abrupt change in the quantity of policing activity. In Chicago, the number of police-civilian interactions decreased by almost 90% in the month after the investigation was announced. In Riverside CA, interactions decreased 54%. In St. Louis, self-initiated police activities declined by 46%. Other theories we test such as changes in community trust or the aggressiveness of consent decrees associated with investigations -- all contradict the data in important ways.

People use facial information to infer others’ leadership potential across numerous domains; but what forms the basis of these judgements and how much do they matter?

How static facial cues relate to real-world leaders’ success: a review and meta-analysis. Miranda Giacomin & Nicholas O. Rule. European Review of Social Psychology, Volume 31, 2020 - Issue 1, Pages 120-148, Jun 7 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1771935

ABSTRACT: People use facial information to infer others’ leadership potential across numerous domains; but what forms the basis of these judgements and how much do they matter? Here, we quantitatively reviewed the literature on perceptions of leaders from facial cues to better understand the association between physical appearance and leader outcomes. We used standard random-effects meta-analytic techniques to determine how appearance cues relate to leader perceptions and associated constructs. Appearance cues suggesting the presence of qualities often desired in leaders correlated with leader selection and success (M Z-r =.26, 95% CI [.21,.31]). Larger effect sizes emerged for popularity outcomes (i.e., those based on perceptions) than for performance outcomes (i.e., those based on external measures). These data help to explain how people envision leaders and their characteristics, providing potential insights to why they select and follow particular individuals over others.

KEYWORDS: Leader, person perception, facial appearance, CEO, attractiveness

Does Partisanship Shape Investor Beliefs? The beliefs of partisan Republicans about equities remain relatively unfazed during the COVID-19 pandemic, while other users become considerably more pessimistic

Cookson, J. Anthony and Engelberg, Joseph and Mullins, William, Does Partisanship Shape Investor Beliefs? Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic (June 6, 2020). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3621067

Abstract: We use party-identifying language – like “Liberal Media” and “MAGA”– to identify Republican users on the investor social platform StockTwits. Using a difference-in-difference design, we find that the beliefs of partisan Republicans about equities remain relatively unfazed during the COVID-19 pandemic, while other users become considerably more pessimistic. In cross-sectional tests, we find Republicans become relatively more optimistic about stocks that suffered the most from COVID-19, but more pessimistic about Chinese stocks. Finally, stocks with the greatest partisan disagreement on StockTwits have significantly more trading in the broader market, which explains 20% of the increase in stock turnover during the pandemic.

Keywords: COVID-19, partisanship, investor beliefs, disagreement, trading volume
JEL Classification: G12, D91 ,P16

More recently-developed crops are evaluated less favorably, whether they are produced by artificial selection (i.e., conventional breeding), natural or man-made irradiation, or genetic engineering

Recency negativity: Newer food crops are evaluated less favorably. Yoel Inbar, Jordan Phelps, Paul Rozin. Appetite, June 6 2020, 104754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104754

Abstract: Food crops produced by new technologies such as genetic engineering are widely opposed (Gaskell, Bauer, Durant, & Allum, 1999; Scott, Inbar, Wirz, Brossard, & Rozin, 2018). Here, we examine one reason for this opposition: recency. More recently-developed crops are evaluated less favorably, whether they are produced by artificial selection (i.e., conventional breeding), natural or man-made irradiation, or genetic engineering. Negative effects of recency persist in a within-subjects design where people are able to explicitly compare crops developed at different times, and an internal meta-analysis shows that the negative effect of recency is robust across measures and stimuli. These results have implications for the evaluation of crops produced using new modification techniques, including the widespread opposition to genetic engineering.

I Feel Better Naked: Communal Naked Activity Increases Body Appreciation by Reducing Social Physique Anxiety

I Feel Better Naked: Communal Naked Activity Increases Body Appreciation by Reducing Social Physique Anxiety. Keon West. The Journal of Sex Research, Jun 5 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2020.1764470

ABSTRACT: Positive body image predicts several measures of happiness, well-being, and sexual functioning. Prior research has suggested a link between communal naked activity and positive body image, but has thus far not clarified either the direction or mechanisms of this relationship. This was the first randomized controlled trial of the effects of nakedness on body image. Two potential explanatory mediators of this effect were also investigated. Fifty-one participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups in which they interacted with other people either naked (naked condition) or clothed (control condition). All participants completed measures of body appreciation before and after the intervention, as well as measures of the relative perceived attractiveness of others and social physique anxiety immediately after the intervention. Perceived attractiveness of others was neither affected by the manipulation nor correlated with body appreciation. However, as expected, participants in the naked condition reported more body appreciation, an effect that was mediated by reductions in social physique anxiety. This research provides initial evidence that naked activity can lead to improvements in body image and evidence of a specific explanatory mechanism. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Letters To A Spanish Youngster CCLVI

Letters To A Spanish Youngster CCLVI

[...]

Your Honor the high priestess, la mia donna, Who puts in amoroso incendio il cor* and the city**,

Elizabeth Hardwick wrote about a close friend of hers†:

There is something puritanical and perplexing in her lack of relaxation, her utter refusal to give an inch of the ground of her opinion. She cannot conform, cannot often like whatever her peers like. She is a very odd woman, perhaps oddest of all in this stirring sense of the importance of her own intellectual formulations.

In one of her columns, she wrote of the same person‡:

There is charm and vigor and an almost violent holding of special opinions

. A literary critic says of these words†:

The problem, Hardwick seems to suggest, is that there is something almost constitutionally wrong with her. Odd is the word she chooses for this wrong thing. She is standing out. She is not like us. The problems seems to be too much power, too conspicuoius and showy and flamboyant a confidence. Shares to think her own "intellectual formulaitons" are important.

I'd very much love to know what Your Honor thinks of all this.

---
The same literary critic, in a different tack, comments of men and our aggressive eye thru her daughter's writing†:

My daughter is taller now than I am. She is five nine. She wears cutoff shorts and white sneakers with gold stars all over then. Even though she is fourteen, men start to follow her down the street, call to her from cards, talk to her as she is coming up the steps to our house. She writes an assignment for a class:

"Put your earphones in be aware of surroundings. Stand alone, but close enough to people that you are not totally isolated. Move away from those creepy men who watch and talk about you, and make sure to adjust your shirt so it doesn't show any skin. Actually, put your sweatshirt on. That will help. And yes, you might want to switch cars when you feel uncomfortable. You're fine. Just don't make eye contact. Remember when the drunk man asked you to come over and sit next to him and how when you didn't he cursed until you could leave the car, and think to yourself that it could be worse. Don't tell your mom about these men."

When she gets around to showing this to me, the obvious comes as a shock. The dawning of her power over men is simultaneous with ther growing vulnerability; she experiences both, so violently, at one. [...].

Simone de Beauvoir describing this stage: "Men's gazes flatter and hurt her at the same time [...]."

---
If a husband cheats on her wife (or tells her the truth), a (frequent?) reaction of her is feeling guilty, inadequate, seeing herself as ugly, fat, etc. Sylvia Plath to a psychiatrist†:

"She [the husband's lover] is so beautiful & I feel so huggish & my hair a mess & my nose huge, & my brain brainwashed & God knows how I shall keep together."

Plath was a very progressive, very feminist intellectual that devoured men ("I eat men like air," she wrote). But after learning her husband had a lover, she wrote to the psychiatrist things like these†:

How can I make these women unnecessary to him? And keep up my own sense of seductiveness and womanly power? I don't want to be sorrowful or bitter, men hate that, but what can I do in the face of these prospects?

Can you suggest a gracious procedure when you see some little (whoops, not little, big!) tart is after your husband at a party, or dinner or something? Do you leave them to it? Engage a hotel room? Smile & vanish? Smile & stand by? What I don't want to be is stern & disapproving or teary. But I am only human. I have to feel I have some ground-rights.

At some point she wrote:

I am, by the way, not fat!!

Simone de Beauvoir defended the Soviet Union and supported Marxism (I had to write all that to avoid saying she was a Communist, which would make the Beotians fall upon me  :-)  ), started modern feminism and gender ideology, defended that women were homosexual, and was called mysoginistic by her critics, but sounds desperate, anxious, submissive, completely subordinate to JP Sartre in her letters to him†:

Sep 25 1939, [My heart is consumed by passion for you and it couldn't be more painful. This has been brewing all day, and it came down on me like a tornado in [xxx], where I broke into sobs.] 

Nov 14 1940, [Nothing in my life seems to count for me, except this need I have for you.] 

Dec 12 1940, [All that I can have of life without you I have—but it's nothing. I already knew that, when you were here—you are everything to me. I know it still better now, and find it both cruel and sweet.] 

Jan 7 1941: [I am wasting away with longing to see you. Do think about me.] 

Feb 21 1941: [I live but I'm mutilated. [...] I've dreamed hundreds of times that you are returning—I didn't go away for the Shrovetide holiday, so that I could wait for you. I scan every street corner for you. I live only for the moment when I set eyes on you again.]

He was much of the time away, and frequently with other women.

I only hope that Your Honor doesn't suffer so much with Your significant others.

---
On the human nature department֍:

Abstract: Recent findings suggest that moral outrage serves an interpersonal function of signaling trustworthiness to others and such perceptions play a uniquely important role in identifying social opportunities. We conducted four studies investigating how behavioral displays of moral outrage are perceived in the specific context of mating. Results indicated participants (particularly women) found prospective mates espousing outrage more desirable for long-term mating (Study 1), and this perception of desirability was similarly inferred among same-sex raters (Study 2). We further replicated findings in Study 1, while additionally considering the basis of women’s attraction toward outraged behavior through candidate mediators (Studies 3 and 4). Although we found consistent evidence for the long-term desirability of outraged behavior, in addition, to trustworthiness, evidence remained mixed on the extent to which evaluations of a prospective mate’s outrage was the basis of effects. We frame results from complementary perspectives of trust signaling and sexual strategies theory.

This study of status in fourteen countries is, IMHO, interesting¶:

[T]he content-level analyses further confirmed that all components of attractiveness (i.e., hygiene, appearance) and domestic skills (i.e., cooking ability, parenting skill, and cleanliness) are more central to women’s status than men’s status across the countries sampled. Sex differences in the effects of women’s sexual strategy on status are especially clear at the content level. Infidelity, chastity/purity, and long-term mating success increase women’s status more than men’s. Sexual promiscuity lowers the status of both sexes, but lowers it more dramatically for women than for men (see Figure 11).

Ah, Fortuna cruel, Fortuna ingrata!* You were born a woman, and for that you're penalized in some of life's most fun activities, my dear governor. Believe me when I say that I am sorry for the costs that life puts upon You, and that I'd compensate You for them if You allowed me to be near You as Your confidante and one of Your best friends.

"Pieno di dolce e d'amoroso affetto"*, Yours faithfully

                 [...]

--
Notes

*  L Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, i.44.3. Milano: Garzanti, 1974. Also, i.81.6; i.54.1.

**  Anonymous epigram, in 'The Greek Anthology' translated by W R Paton, 1916, book V, 2, 1.

†  Katie Roiphe's The Power Notebooks. New York: Free Press, 2020. Pages 183-4; 228; 225; 211.

‡  Memento Mori: Elizabeth Hardwick, 1916–2007. By Christian Lorentzen on December 5, 2007 https://harpers.org/2007/12/elizabeth-hardwick-1916-2007/

֍  Brown, Mitch, Lucas A. Keefer, Donald F. Sacco, and Faith L. Brown. 2020. “Demonstrate Values: Behavioral Displays of Moral Outrage as a Cue to Long-term Mate Potential.” PsyArXiv. May 22. https://www.bipartisanalliance.com/2020/05/demonstrate-values-behavioral-displays.html

¶  Buss, D. M., Durkee, P. K., Shackelford, T. K., Bowdle, B. F., Schmitt, D. P., Brase, G. L., Choe, J. C., & Trofimova, I. (2020). Human status criteria: Sex differences and similarities across 14 nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, May 2020. https://www.bipartisanalliance.com/2020/05/infidelity-chastitypurity-and-long-term.html

Abstract: Social status is a central and universal feature of our highly social species. Reproductively relevant resources, including food, territory, mating opportunities, powerful coalitional alliances, and group-provided health care, flow to those high in status and trickle only slowly to those low in status. Despite its importance and centrality to human social group living, the scientific understanding of status contains a large gap in knowledge—the precise criteria by which individuals are accorded high or low status in the eyes of their group members. It is not known whether there exist universal status criteria, nor the degree to which status criteria vary across cultures. Also unknown is whether status criteria are sex differentiated, and the degree of cross-cultural variability and consistency of sex-differentiated status criteria. The current article investigates status criteria across 14 countries (N = 2,751). Results provide the first systematic documentation of potentially universal and sex-differentiated status criteria. Discussion outlines important next steps in understanding the psychology of status.

[xxx]

At least 42.7% of adult women have experienced orgasm during sleep and they have significantly higher mean Female Genital Self-Image scores than women who have not experienced orgasm during sleep

Things that Go Bump in the Night: Prevalence, Genital Self-Image, and Experiences of Women Who Orgasm during Sleep. Lyndsay Irene Mercier. 2020. https://search.proquest.com/openview/c40abd9d43107928abe193964ea8cd11/1

Abstract: Despite being a common occurrence among girls and women, the distinct female (assigned at birth) experience of orgasm during sleep had not been formally studied in over 33 years, yet it has a long history of pathologizing that continues today. This study used a quantitative correlational research design with descriptive elements informed by a feminist paradigm. Findings update the research base surrounding this phenomenon, here called somnus orgasm (SO). It examined the prevalence and frequency of SO among 1,248 adult women, the largest study of its kind. Over half of this study’s participants were age 31 or older, with 21.7% age 41 or older. In this regard, this study is the first of its kind to capture the experiences of older women. The relationship between SO and Female Genital Self-Image was assessed and women’s reported feelings and reactions to their SO experiences were captured. Results indicated that at least 42.7% of adult women have experienced orgasm during sleep and that they have significantly higher mean Female Genital Self-Image Scores than women who have not experienced orgasm during sleep. Responses from open-ended questions indicated that most participants view their SO experiences overall as positive events, although many reported negative reactions to their first or early SO occurrences. Findings from this study may serve to reduce the stigma and erroneous association of SO with abnormality or deviancy by adding to the evidence that female orgasm during sleep is a common experience for women and girls.

Keywords: female orgasm, sleep orgasm, female genital self-image, somnus orgasm

Why some memories are prioritized over others, why memory loss sometimes leads to impaired decision-making, and why decisions are shaped by regret and counterfactual thinking

What Are Memories For? The Hippocampus Bridges Past Experience with Future Decisions. Natalie Biderman, Akram Bakkour, Daphna Shohamy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, June 5 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.04.004

Highlights
.  Memory plays a pervasive role in flexible decision-making that depends on inference, generalization, and deliberation.

.  This function of memory in decision-making is supported by the hippocampus, suggesting that the role of the hippocampus may be to create a record of the past in the service of future behavior.

.  This view reconciles findings from the fields of memory and decision-making. It offers new insight into why some memories are prioritized over others, why memory loss sometimes leads to impaired decision-making, and why decisions are shaped by regret and counterfactual thinking.

Abstract: Many decisions require flexible reasoning that depends on inference, generalization, and deliberation. Here, we review emerging findings indicating that the hippocampus, known for its role in long-term memory, contributes to these flexible aspects of value-based decision-making. This work offers new insights into the role of memory in decision-making and suggests that memory may shape decisions even in situations that do not appear, at first glance, to depend on memory at all. Uncovering the pervasive role of memory in decision-making challenges the way we define what memory is and what it does, suggesting that memory’s primary purpose may be to guide future behavior and that storing a record of the past is just one way to do so.

Keywords: memorydecision-makingamnesiahippocampusvalue

Estimations of Typical, Ideal, Premature Ejaculation, and Actual Latencies by Men and Female Sexual Partners of Men During Partnered Sex

Côté-Léger P, Rowland DL. Estimations of Typical, Ideal, Premature Ejaculation, and Actual Latencies by Men and Female Sexual Partners of Men During Partnered Sex. J Sex Med 2020;XX:XXX–XXX. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1743609520305348

Abstract
Background: The ejaculation latency (ELT) criterion for men with premature ejaculation (PE), including its 2 major subtypes of lifelong and acquired, relies heavily on expert opinion, yet such information represents only one source of data for this determination; furthermore, information regarding ELTs for PE within specific subgroups of men (eg, gay, bisexual) has been lacking.

Aim: To obtain data regarding men's lived experiences and expectations regarding typical ejaculation, ideal ejaculation, and PE and (for men) self-reported ejaculatory latencies during partnered sex across a variety a groups, including men vs women (ie, sexual partners of men), men with and without PE, and straight vs gay/bisexual men.

Methods: We recruited 1,065 men and sexual partners of men, asking them to estimate typical ejaculation, ideal ejaculation, and PE and (for men) self-latencies through an online survey posted on social media. Demographics, sexual identity, and sexual response data were also collected.

Results: Typical and self-reported ELTs were closely aligned with those reported in the literature, with ideal ELTs generally longer than typical ELTs. Median PE ELTs were consistently estimated around 1.5 min, with nearly all subgroups—men vs women; straight vs gay; PE and non-PE men—showing alignment on this criterion. Men with lifelong PE did not differ from men with acquired PE in either their PE ELT estimation or their self-reported ELT.

Clinical Implications: The data support the idea of extending the latency cutoff for establishing a PE diagnosis beyond the current 1-minute threshold.

Strengths & Limitations: A large sample size drawn from a multinational population powered the study, whereas the use of social media for recruitment and lack of inclusion of lesbian and asexual individuals may have missed relevant data from some who have had sexual experience with men.

Conclusion: Straight and nonstraight men do not differ in their ELT estimations. In addition, the use of different ELT criteria for lifelong vs acquired PE may be unnecessary.

Key Words: Ejaculation LatenciesPremature Ejaculation LatenciesLifelongAcquiredPerceived Typical Ejaculation Latencies

Dissertation: An Examination of Sexual Fantasy And Infidelity

Haus, Katherine Rose, "AN EXAMINATION OF SEXUAL FANTASY AND INFIDELITY" (2020). Univ of Kentucky Theses and Dissertations--Kinesiology and Health Promotion. 77. https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2020.263

Abstract: Infidelity is a common behavior, influencing many people within romantic relationships (Mark & Haus, 2019). Many factors have been linked to increased infidelity engagement, but no studies exist documenting the role of sexual fantasy regarding infidelity. One such predictor of infidelity is need fulfillment, or the extent to which one’s needs are fulfilled in their relationship (Le & Agnew, 2001). Sexual fantasy is a highly common, but largely understudied sexual behavior (Lehmiller, 2018). Therefore, the aims of the current study were: 1) to document the role that sexual fantasy and need fulfillment play in infidelity, 2) to determine any potential gender differences in sexual fantasy themes and 3) to determine whether any particular type of sexual fantasy predicted infidelity. Thus, 1,062 adults in romantic relationships were recruited through a combination of social media (n = 265) and the social networking site Ashley Madison® (n = 797) to take part in an online survey. Participants provided their demographics and completed the Wilson Sexual Fantasy Questionnaire (SFQ; Wilson, 2010), the Infidelity Intentions scale (Jones et al., 2010), and a Needs-Fulfillment Measure (Le & Agnew, 2001). An independent samples t-test indicated significant gender differences in type of fantasy such that women fantasized more so than did men about sadomasochistic fantasies, but men fantasized more than did women about intimate, exploratory, and impersonal sexual fantasies. Hierarchical multivariate regression indicated lower levels of need fulfillment to be predictive of higher levels of infidelity intentions among women and men, and higher frequency of sexual fantasy to be predictive of higher levels of infidelity intentions among men. Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated exploratory fantasy to be the most salient predictor of infidelity engagement, but was only significant among women, such that women who fantasized more frequently about exploratory fantasies were less likely to engage in physical infidelity. The findings of this study contribute to what is known about sexual fantasy and indicate that it may have a more salient role in infidelity intentions and engagement than previously thought.

1. Having sexual intercourse out of doors in a romantic setting (e.g. field of flowers, beach at night)
2. Having intercourse with a loved partner
3. Intercourse with someone you know but have not had sex with
4. Intercourse with an anonymous stranger
5. Sex with two other people
6. Participating in an orgy
7. Being forced to do something
8. Forcing someone to do something
9. Same-sex sexual behavior
10. Receiving oral sex
11. Giving oral sex
12. Watching others have sex
13. Sex with an animal
14. Whipping or spanking someone
15. Being whipped or spanked
16. Taking someone's clothes off
17. Having your clothes taken off
18. Having sex somewhere other than the bedroom
19. Being excited by material or clothing (e.g. rubber, leather, underwear)
20. Hurting a partner
21. Being hurt by a partner
22. Partner-swapping
23. Being aroused by watching someone urinate
24. Being tied up
25. Tying someone up
26. Having incestuous sexual relationships
27. Exposing yourself
28. Being promiscuous
29 Having sex with someone much younger than yourself
30. Having sex with someone much older than yourself
31. Being much sought after by the opposite sex
32. Being seduced as an "innocent"
33. Seducing an "innocent"
34. Being embarrassed by failure of sexual performance
35. Using objects for stimulation (e.g. vibrators, candles)
36. Being masturbated to orgasm by a partner
37. Looking at obscene pictures or films
38. Kissing Passionately

Grandiose narcissists consider intelligence so important bc they see it as leading to benefits across life domains; maintain & defend illusory positive intellectual self-views; & are extremely motivated to appear intelligent

Why Do Narcissists Care So Much About Intelligence? Marcin Zajenkowski, Michael Dufner. Current Directions in Psychological Science, June 4, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420917152

Abstract: Grandiose narcissists typically pursue agentic goals, such as social status, competence, and autonomy. We argue that because high intelligence is a key asset for the attainment of such agentic goals, the concept of intelligence should play a prominent role in grandiose narcissists’ self-regulation and social behavior. We review the relevant literature and report evidence in support of this claim. Grandiose narcissists consider intelligence to be an important resource that leads to benefits across life domains, they tend to maintain and defend illusory positive intellectual self-views, and they are extremely motivated to appear intelligent to other people. Thus, even though grandiose narcissism is essentially unrelated to objectively assessed intelligence, intelligence nevertheless plays an important role in the way grandiose narcissists think, feel, and behave. We discuss potential implications for social relationships and point toward avenues for future research.

Keywords: agency, grandiose narcissism, intelligence, narcissism

Men appreciate more aggresive and sexual humor; other differences seem based in roles, not natural differences

Gender differences in humor-related traits, humor appreciation, production, comprehension, (neural) responses, use, and correlates: A systematic review. Jennifer Hofmann, Tracey Platt, Chloé Lau & Jorge Torres-Marín. Current Psychology Jun 4 2020. https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12144-020-00724-1

Abstract: All available peer-reviewed literature on humor and gender differences (1977–2018) was screened and evaluated according to a priori defined QUALSYST criteria. The 77 papers surpassing a conservative quality criterion generated seven emergent themes around humor and gender differences. In short, men score higher in the aggressive humor style (M > F), while no other gender differences were consistently reported in humor-related traits (M = F). In the prediction of negative outcomes (stress, loneliness, depression), differential effects for humor in both genders are reported, but not consistently (M ≠ F). Gender differences exist for the appreciation of sexual humor (M > F), even in mixed target stimuli, and hostile humor (both genders appreciate opposite gender target stimuli more). Gender differences are absent in nonsense and neutral humor (M = F). For humor production, three samples showed no gender differences (M = F), while three samples suggested men are funnier (M > F) and one that women are funnier (M < F). No studies reporting differences in humor comprehension were identified (M = F). For humor use and communication, gender differences were found across methods (M ≠ F), yet, they depend on the context (e.g., workplace) and may thus resemble gender roles rather than “natural differences”. Moreover, few studies provide hard data on actual humor use and communication in different domains. When exposed to humor stimuli, different neural responses of men and women in prefrontal cortex activations (or selected parts) were found (M ≠ F). Also, self-report data suggest that both genders value a sense of humor in their partner (M = F), yet women typically value the humor production abilities more than humor receptivity, while for men, the woman’s receptivity of their own humor is more important than a woman’s humor production abilities, in line with gender stereotypes (M ≠ F). To conclude, much progress has been achieved in the past 15 years to overcome methodological flaws in early works on humor and gender differences. Importantly, attention should be paid to disentangling actual gender differences from gender role expectations and gender stereotypes. Methodologically, designs need to be checked for potential bias (i.e. self-reports may accentuate roles and stereotypes) and more hard data is needed to substantiate claims from self-report studies.